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Contents:
Standards
Organizations
Bibliographies and General Information
Identifiers
Imaging
Text and Optical Character Recognition
Document Markup
Descriptive Metadata
Technical Metadata
Interoperability
Archiving and Preservation
Journals and Newsletters
Standards Organizations
- American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)
- ANSI does not develop standards but accredits and
coordinates qualified standards development groups. ANSI
also coordinates US participation in international arenas
and is the official US representative to the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
- Association for Information
and Image Management (AIIM)
- AIIM is a trade association for users and suppliers
of content, document and process management technologies.
Its membership includes many hardware manufacturers of
storage, scanning and micrographics technologies. Its standards
arm is an ANSI-accredited standards developer in
the area of micrographics and electronic imaging.
- Book And
Serial Industry Communications (BASIC)
- BASIC is the standards forum of the Book Industry
Study Group (BISG), a US research organization supported
by over 200 publishers, booksellers, librarians, wholesalers,
book manufacturers and suppliers. Formed through the
union of BISAC (books) and SISAC (serials), BASIC works
closely with its European counterpart, EDItEUR and
focuses on EDI formats, standard numbering systems, and
metadata.
- International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
- ISO is a federation of national standards organizations
from roughly 130 countries. ISO develops international
standards via a hierarchy of technical committees (TCs),
subcommittees (SCs) and working groups. Some technical
committees of interest to digital libraries are JTC1
Information Technology, TC42 Photography, and TC46 Information
and Documentation.
- International Telecommunications
Union (ITU)
- The ITU has a standards arm, ITU-T which
develops "recommendations" in the areas of voice and
data communications. These include X.25 (packet switching),
X.28 (ASN.1), and the X.500 directory specification.
- National Information
Standards Organization (NISO)
- NISO is an ANSI-accredited standards developer in
the area of libraries, primary and secondary publishing,
and information services. NISO develops standards in
many areas relevant to digital library applications including
identifiers (ISBN, DOI, etc.), protocols (Z39.50, circulation
interchange), and metadata.
- OASIS
- The Organization for the Advancement of Structured
Information Standards, is an international industry consortium
dedicated to accelerating the adoption of product-independent
formats based on public standards including HTML, SGML,
and XML. While OASIS does not develop standards itself,
it does issue guidelines to facilitate product interoperability.
- World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
- The W3C develops "recommendations" related to use
of the World Wide Web, including HTML, XML, metadata
(PICS and RDF), and stylesheets (CSS and XSL). The W3C's Web
Accessibility Initiative (WAI) has produced a number
of guidelines for the development of websites and web-based
applications accessible to users with visual, hearing,
physical, or cognitive disabilities.
- World
Standards Services Network (WSSN)
- The WSSN maintains a portal to international, regional,
and national standards organizations.
Bibliographies and General Information
- Besser, Howard. Image
and MultiMedia Database Resources
- A bibliography of resources in many categories including
digitization, metadata, legal and ethical issues, retrieval
and costs, with particular focus on visual resources.
Howard uses this for his classes at Berkeley, so it tends
to be updated each semester, though not all links are
current.
- Institute for Museum and Library Services. A
Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections.
- A framework for identifying, organizing and applying
existing guidelines related to the creation of good digital
objects, metadata, collections and projects. Includes
pointers to a number of quality resources.
- Library of Congress. Building
Digital Collections
- Specifications, guidelines, reports and other documents
related to American Memory, covering technical practices,
workflow and production, rights and restrictions, and
background papers.
Identifiers
- Book Item and Contribution Identifier (BICI)
- The BICI is a NISO Draft Standard for Trial Use available
in PDF
form from the NISO website. It is an identifier derived
from bibliographic data that can be used to identify
component parts of books and non-serial publications.
- Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
- The DOI is an identifier developed by publishers and
maintained by the International
DOI Foundation. The DOI syntax is ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000.
- OpenURL
- OpenURL is a way of carrying metadata in an actionable
URL which can be used as a tool for providing extended
services such as links to related objects and services.
It has been implemented in SFX and other services, and
may be proposed for development as an ANSI/NISO standard.
- Persistent Uniform Resource
Locator (PURL)
- PURLs are URLs that point to a redirection service
(a PURL server) which associates the PURL with the actual
URL of the object. They were developed by OCLC as a means
of supporting persistence through indirection.
- Serial
Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI)
- The SICI is an identifier derived from bibliographic
data that can be used for journal issues and contributions
(e.g. articles) within issues. The SICI syntax is ANSI/NISO
Z39.56-1996 Version 2.
Imaging
- Besser, Howard. Procedures
and Practices for Scanning
- Written for the Canadian Heritage Information Network.
- Cornell University Library. Moving
Theory into Practice: Digital Imaging Tutorial
- An online tutorial with a process-oriented approach
to planning and executing imaging projects. It can optionally
be used with the published volume Moving Theory Into
Practice: Digital Imaging for Libraries and Archives,
by Ann Kenney and Oya Reiger (RLG, 2000).
- JPEG and JBIG homepage
- Homepage of ISO/IEC JTC1 SC29 Working Group 1, more
commonly known as the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group) and JBIG (Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group),
the committee responsible for standards for still image
compression.
- Library of Congress. Digital
Formats for Content Reproduction
- Prepared primarily for LC/Ameritech grant winners,
this 1998 document by Carl Fleishhauer recommends physical
specifications and capture approaches for images of text,
visual material, maps and other types of materials.
- Research Libraries Group and Digital Library Federation. Guides
to Quality in Visual Resource Imaging
- A series of five topical guides to digital imaging
of visual materials, including original photographs,
prints, drawings, maps, etc.
Text and Optical Character Recognition
- UNICODE Consortium
home page
- Includes a link to Chapter 1 of the UNICODE standard
(you have to buy the rest) and a surprising amount of
understandable information, including a fairly extensive
FAQ.
- University of Virginia. Text
Scanning: A Basic Helpsheet
- A short practical guide to getting started, prepared
by the University of Virginia's Electronic Text Center.
Document Markup
- Cover, Robin. The
XML Cover Pages
- An excellent, current, comprehensive subject gateway
to resources related to XML and SGML.
- Text Encoding Initiative
(TEI) home page
- The TEI maintains a set of Guidelines for
marking up texts in SGML for linguistic analysis and
humanities research. A simplified version known as "TEI-Lite" is
frequently used as a mark-up standard in digital library
applications. Part of the mark-up standard, the "TEI
Header", addresses Descriptive Metadata for
encoded texts.
- World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) homepage
- The place to start for information on HTML, XML and
related specifications such as stylesheets. Links to
the current, authoritative (if not always easy to read)
versions of standards (recommendations) and working drafts.
Descriptive Metadata
- Data
Documentation Initiative
- A standard for describing social science datasets,
represented as an XML DTD.
- Dublin Core Metadata
Element Set (DCMES)
- A set of 15 elements for simple resource description,
used heavily in digital library applications, especially
for visual materials and items in collections where full
cataloging may not be warranted.
- Encoded Archival
Description (EAD)
- Machine-readable representation of archival finding
aids, represented as an SGML DTD.
- Federal
Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)
- The FGDC maintains this portal to geospatial metadata
resources, including the Content
Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM).
- MARC Standards
- The LC Network Development and MARC Standards Office
maintains this site relating to MARC Standards, which
includes an HTML version of the MARC21
Concise Format for Bibliographic Data and other documentation.
- Metadata
Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS)
- An emerging schema for encoding descriptive, administrative,
and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital
library.
- ONIX
International
- A descriptive metadata standard for the book trade,
developed by various publishing industry groups. Described
as a subset of the larger EPICS
Data Dictionary which is supposed to be conformant
with the INDECS
data model.
- SCHEMAS
- The SCHEMAS Project of the European Union's Information
Society Technologies (IST) Programme aims to inform developers
and implementers of metadata schema about the status
and proper use of new and emerging metadata standards.
The Metadata
Watch section of the site tracks international metadata
developments in academic and other sectors including
audio-visual, GIS and publishing.
- Text
Encoding Initiative (TEI) Header
- The part of the TEI Guidelines for text encoding (see "Document
Markup") that addresses the description of encoded
texts, including basic bibliographic information. Often
used for SGML-encoded documents even when these are
not marked up according to TEI guidelines.
- Visual
Resources Association Core Categories Version 3
- A metadata standard for describing visual resources,
related to but much smaller than the Getty Categories
for the Description of Art.
Technical Metadata
- DIG35
- The committee of the Digital
Imaging Group responsible for developing metadata
standards, they have been focusing on technical metadata
for images output from digital cameras.
- NISO Standards
Committee on Technical Metadata for Still Images
- An outcome of a 1999 Workshop
on Technical Metadata for Images this Standards
Committee is charged with drafting a data dictionary
of metadata elements for describing still images. The
goal is to issue the document as a Draft Standard for
Trial Use in 2001.
Interoperability
- Open Archives
Initiative
- The home site for metadata harvesting, a relatively
simple way of building large union "catalogs" of diverse
resources.
- Z39.50
- The international standard protocol for cross-system
search and retrieval.
Archiving and Preservation
- Council on Library and
Information Resources (CLIR)
- CLIR supports a series of initiatives related to strategies
for digital archiving.
- CURL Exemplars
in Digital Archives (CEDARS)
- The primary digital preservation initiative in the
UK.
- National Library of Australia. Preservation
Metadata for Digital Collections
- A draft for comment of a preservation metadata element
set informed by the OAIS model.
- PADI: Preserving
Access to Digital Information
- The premier subject gateway to international digital
preservation resources, maintained by the National Library
of Australia.
- PANDORA
- A project of the National Library of Australia, PANDORA
has established a national archive of Australian online
publications including electronic journals and government
publications, and is developing approaches, policies
and procedures for the longterm preservation of these
publications.
- Reference
Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS)
- A draft ISO standard developed by the Consultative
Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), OAIS is becoming
heavily used in the digital library community as the
basis for the development of policies and metadata standards
for long-term retention and preservation.
- The RLG Preservation
Program (PRESERV)
- A program addressing longterm preservation of digital
resources. The website includes many useful resources
including the report of the RLG
Working Group on Preservation Issues of Metadata,
better known as the PRESERV metadata element set.
Journals and Newsletters
- Ariadne
- A quarterly magazine published by UKOLN (UK Office
for Library and Information Networking), Ariadne focuses
on digital library issues and initiatives of interest
to academic librarians. It can be seen as the European
counterpart to D-Lib Magazine.
- D-Lib Magazine
- The premier North American ejournal covering digital
library applications and research. In addition to articles,
each monthly issue includes an extensive list of upcoming
conferences, workshops and other events.
Primary
Source
- A monthly email newsletter of the Institute
of Museum and Library Services, Primary Source covers
current IMLS news, grant deadlines and announcement
dates, new publications, and highlights of funded projects.
- RLG
DigiNews
- A bimonthly newsletter focusing on issues related
to digital preservation, conservation and archiving. DigiNews is
produced for RLG by the Cornell University Library Department
of Preservation and Conservation with some support from CLIR.
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